6: The Pan Wesleyan World

OVERVIEW

The World Methodist Council lists 73 member denominations (there are many more!) totaling over 50 million members. Many of these denominations still bear the name “Methodist” while others do not (e.g., the Church of the Nazarene, the Salvation Army, the Assemblies of God (and other Pentecostal groups), etc.).

1.0 THE UNITED METHODIST CHURCH

1.1 Churches and Members Statistics (US only)

Churches: 30,000
Members: 6 million
Clergy: 30,500

1.2 Origins

The United Methodist Church was formed in 1968 through the merger of the Methodist Church and the Evangelical United Brethren Church. Both denominations had roots in the Wesleyan tradition, which began with John Wesley in the 18th century. The Methodist movement started in the 1730s as a revival within the Church of England, led by John and Charles Wesley. It emphasized personal holiness, social justice, and the need for a disciplined Christian life.

1.3 Core Beliefs

Wesleyan Theology:The UMC follows Wesleyan-Arminian theology, emphasizing God’s grace, the possibility of entire sanctification, and the importance of personal and social holiness.
The Articles of Religion and Confession of Faith:The UMC adheres to the Methodist 25 Articles of Religion and the Confession of Faith, foundational documents that outline key theological principles.
The Quadrilateral:The UMC uses the Wesleyan Quadrilateral as a framework for theological reflection, balancing Scripture, tradition, reason, and experience.
Inclusivity:The UMC promotes inclusivity and welcomes diverse theological perspectives, aiming to be a “big tent” that encompasses various viewpoints within the Christian faith.

1.4 Governance

Connectional Polity:The UMC operates under a connectional polity, which means that local congregations are connected to regional and global church structures.
General Conference:The General Conference, which meets every four years, is the highest legislative body. It sets policies, approves doctrine, and makes key decisions for the denomination.
Annual Conferences:The church is divided into regional Annual Conferences, each led by a bishop. These conferences are responsible for ordaining clergy, overseeing churches, and implementing church policies at the regional level.
Episcopal Leadership:Bishops provide spiritual leadership and administrative oversight within the UMC’s episcopal system.

1.5 Worship and Practices

Worship Services:UMC worship services typically feature a blend of traditional liturgy and contemporary elements, with an emphasis on preaching, hymns, prayer, and the sacraments.
Sacraments:The UMC recognizes two sacraments: baptism and the Lord’s Supper (Communion). Both are seen as means of grace and central to the life of the church.
Open Table:The UMC practices an open table for Communion, inviting all who seek Christ to participate, regardless of denominational affiliation.

1.6 Global Presence

International Reach:The UMC is a global denomination with a significant presence in the United States, Africa, Europe, and the Philippines. It operates missions, educational institutions, and health services worldwide.
Mission Work:The UMC is actively involved in global mission work, focusing on evangelism, humanitarian aid, education, healthcare, and disaster relief.

1.7 Contemporary Issues

Inclusivity Debates:The UMC has faced significant debates over issues of inclusivity, particularly regarding the ordination of LGBTQ+ clergy and the recognition of same-sex marriages. These debates have led to tensions and discussions about the future structure and unity of the denomination.
Potential Splits:Ongoing discussions and potential plans for restructuring or splitting the denomination have been prominent as different factions within the UMC seek ways to address theological and social disagreements.

1.8 Education and Institutions

The UMC partners with several higher education institutions, but the following are UMC owned-and-operated seminaries:

Drew Theological School
Candler School of Theology
Boston University School of Theology
Claremont School of Theology
Duke Divinity School
Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary
Iliff School of Theology
Methodist Theological School in Ohio
Perkins School of Theology
Saint Paul School of Theology
United Theological Seminary
Wesley Theological Seminary
Gammon Theological Seminary

2.0 THE CHURCH OF THE NAZARENE

2.1 Churches, Members, and Clergy

Churches: 5,000
Members: 630,000
Clergy: 17,000

2.2 Origins

The Church of the Nazarene was founded in 1908 in Pilot Point, Texas, through the merger of fifteen regional holiness groups that sought to create a unified movement emphasizing sanctification and a deep commitment to Christian holiness. By the late 19th century, many within the Holiness Movement felt that mainline Methodist churches had become too formal, worldly, and distant from the original fervor of Wesleyan teachings. This led to the formation of independent holiness groups that prioritized a return to simple, heartfelt piety and a focus on personal holiness.2.3 Core Beliefs

Wesleyan Theology:The Church of the Nazarene follows Wesleyan-Arminian theology, emphasizing God’s grace, the possibility of entire sanctification, and the importance of personal and social holiness.
Holiness Doctrine: Central to Nazarene theology is the doctrine of sanctification, particularly the concept of entire sanctification. This belief holds that Christians can achieve a state of holiness through a second work of grace following salvation, where they are filled with the Holy Spirit and purified from original sin.
Scripture: The Bible is the inspired word of God and the final authority in all matters of faith and practice.
Entire Sanctification: The belief in a second, transformative work of grace following conversion, leading to a state of Christian perfection or holiness.

2.4 Governance

Local Churches: Local congregations are the primary organizational unit, each led by a pastor and governed by a church board elected by the congregation members.
Districts: Local churches are grouped into districts, each overseen by a district superintendent. District assemblies are held annually, where representatives from each church meet to conduct business and plan cooperative ministries.
General Assembly: The highest governing body is the General Assembly, which meets every four years. It comprises delegates from around the world and is responsible for setting policies, electing general superintendents, and addressing major theological and administrative issues.
General Superintendents: Six general superintendents provide leadership and oversight to the global church, ensuring doctrinal integrity and facilitating international cooperation.

2.5 Worship and Practice

Worship Services: Tends to be modern.
Sacraments: Baptism and Communion. Baptism of both infants and adults permitted by immersion, pouring, or sprinkling.
Communion: Open table (can be taken without baptism).

2.6 Global Presence

The Church of the Nazarene has around 2.6 million members worldwide and it operates in over 160 world areas, including countries, territories, and provinces.

2.7 Contemporary Issues

Navigating complex social issues such as gender identity, sexual orientation, and same-sex marriage while upholding traditional theological stances, and responding to the Black Lives Matter movement, racial reconciliation, and other social justice issues within the church and broader community.

2.8 Educational Institutions

The Nazarenes have Bible colleges and universities world-wide. The ones in the states include:

Eastern Nazarene College
Mount Vernon Nazarene University
Nazarene Bible College
Nazarene Theological Seminary
Northwest Nazarene University
Olivet Nazarene University
Point Loma Nazarene University
Southern Nazarene University
Trevecca Nazarene University

3.0 THE GLOBAL METHODIST CHURCH

3.1 Churches and Members Statistics

Churches: 4,495
Members: c. 700,000
Clergy: 4,500

3.2 Origins

The Global Methodist Church was officially launched on May 1, 2022. It was established by congregations and leaders who sought to maintain a traditionalist stance on theological issues, especially those related to marriage and sexuality. The formation of the GMC came after years of debate within the UMC over the ordination of LGBTQ+ clergy and the celebration of same-sex marriages. The differing views led to significant tensions and the eventual decision by traditionalists to form a separate denomination.

3.3 Core Beliefs

Wesleyan Theology:The GMC adheres to Wesleyan-Arminian theology, emphasizing the teachings of John Wesley, including the importance of personal holiness, sanctification, and a life of discipleship.
Traditional View on Marriage and Sexuality:The GMC maintains a traditional understanding of marriage as a union between one man and one woman and does not ordain LGBTQ+ clergy.
Scriptural Authority:The GMC places a strong emphasis on the authority of Scripture, viewing the Bible as the inspired and infallible Word of God that guides faith and practice.

3.4 Governance

Connectional Polity:Like the UMC, the GMC operates under a connectional polity, where local congregations are connected through regional and global structures.
Transitional Leadership Council:During its initial phase, the GMC is governed by a Transitional Leadership Council, which oversees the formation and implementation of policies and structures.
General Conference:The GMC plans to hold a General Conference, where delegates will meet to establish the church’s permanent governance structures, adopt official doctrines, and make key decisions.

3.5 Worship and Practices

Worship Services:Worship in the GMC typically includes traditional elements such as hymns, preaching, prayer, and the sacraments, with an emphasis on reverence and adherence to historical Christian practices.
Sacraments:The GMC recognizes two sacraments: baptism and the Lord’s Supper (Communion), viewing them as means of grace that are central to Christian life.
Evangelism and Discipleship:The GMC places a strong emphasis on evangelism and discipleship, encouraging members to live out their faith actively and share the gospel with others.

3.6 Global Presence

Expansion:Although newly formed, the GMC aims to establish a strong global presence, building on connections with traditionalist Methodists around the world.
Mission Work:The GMC is committed to global mission work, focusing on church planting, evangelism, education, healthcare, and social services.

3.7 Contemporary Issues

Doctrinal Clarity:The GMC aims to provide clear doctrinal guidelines and maintain theological consistency across the denomination.
Growth and Development:The GMC is focused on growth and development, both in terms of increasing membership and expanding its mission efforts globally.
Navigating Challenges:As a new denomination, the GMC will navigate the challenges of establishing its identity, governance, and organizational structures while remaining true to its core beliefs and mission.

3.8 Educational Institutions

The GMC does not own or operate any educational institutions. They do, however, have a list of recommended seminaries for ordinands to complete their educational requirements for ordination. They are:

Wesley Biblical Seminary
Truett Theological Seminary (Baylor University)
Asbury Theological Seminary
United Theological Seminary
Ashland Theological Seminary
Beeson Divinity School (Samford University)

4.0 THE FREE METHODIST CHURCH

4.1 Churches and Members

Churches: 856
Members: 68,356
Clergy: 2,011

4.2 Origins

The Free Methodist Church was founded in 1860 in Pekin, New York, by Benjamin Titus Roberts and other like-minded individuals. They sought to address what they perceived as spiritual decline and social injustices within the Methodist Episcopal Church. The formation of the FMC was driven by concerns over issues such as the practice of pew rentals (which discriminated against the poor), the need for abolition of slavery, and a desire for a return to the holiness teachings of John Wesley.

4.3 Core Beliefs

Holiness and Sanctification:The FMC emphasizes the Wesleyan doctrine of entire sanctification, teaching that Christians can achieve a state of holiness through the work of the Holy Spirit.
Social Justice:The denomination has a strong commitment to social justice, historically advocating for the abolition of slavery, and today, engaging in efforts to address poverty, human trafficking, racial equality, and other social issues.
Free Worship:The name “Free Methodist” reflects the church’s principles, including the provision of free seats in church (opposing the practice of pew rentals), and freedom in worship, promoting a less formal and more expressive worship style.
The Authority of Scripture:The FMC upholds the Bible as the inspired Word of God and the final authority for faith and practice.

4.4 Governance

Connectional Polity:The FMC operates under a connectional system of governance, which means that local congregations are connected and accountable to regional conferences and the global church structure.
General Conference:The highest decision-making body is the General Conference, which meets every four years to set policies, elect leaders, and address doctrinal issues.
Bishops:The denomination is overseen by bishops, who provide spiritual leadership and administrative oversight.

4.5 Worship and Practices

Worship Services:Worship in the FMC is typically characterized by a blend of traditional and contemporary elements, with an emphasis on heartfelt, Spirit-led worship.
Sacraments:The FMC recognizes two sacraments: baptism and the Lord’s Supper (Communion), both viewed as means of grace.
Community Life:The church places a strong emphasis on community life, including small groups, discipleship programs, and service to the broader community.

4.6 Global Presence

Expansion:Since its founding, the Free Methodist Church has grown beyond the United States to establish a global presence. Today, it has congregations in many countries across Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America.
Missions and Outreach:The FMC is actively involved in missionary work and global outreach, focusing on church planting, education, healthcare, and social services.

4.7 Contemporary Issues

Social Engagement:The FMC continues to engage with contemporary social issues, advocating for justice and compassion in areas such as human trafficking, racial reconciliation, and economic disparity.
Evangelism and Discipleship:The denomination maintains a strong focus on evangelism and discipleship, encouraging members to live out their faith through personal holiness and active service.

4.8 Educational Institutions

The FMC has established several educational institutions to train leaders and promote its values, including:

Roberts Wesleyan College
Seattle Pacific University in Washington.
Azusa Pacific University
Central Christian College
Greenville University
Northeastern Seminary
Spring Arbor University

5.0 THE CONGREGATIONAL METHODIST CHURCH

5.1 Churches and Members

Churches: c. 200
Members: c. 15,000
Clergy: 300

5.2 Origins

The Congregational Methodist Church was founded in 1852 in Georgia, USA. It emerged from a desire for greater local church autonomy within the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Dissatisfaction with the centralized authority of bishops and the desire for a more democratic church governance model led to the establishment of the CMC by ministers and laypeople.

5.3 Core Beliefs

Wesleyan-Arminian Theology:The CMC adheres to the theological principles of John Wesley, emphasizing the possibility of personal holiness, prevenient grace, and the importance of a life dedicated to discipleship.
Scriptural Authority:The denomination upholds the Bible as the inspired and authoritative Word of God, guiding faith and practice.

5.4 Governance

Congregational Polity:Unlike the connectional system of other Methodist bodies, the CMC operates with a congregational polity, giving individual congregations significant autonomy in their governance and decision-making processes.
Annual Conference:While local congregations are largely self-governing, they are connected through regional Annual Conferences, which provide support and coordination for cooperative efforts in mission and ministry.
General Conference:The highest legislative body of the CMC is the General Conference, which meets periodically to make denominational decisions, set policies, and provide guidance on theological and social issues.

5.5 Worship and Practices

Worship Services:Worship in the CMC typically includes traditional elements such as hymns, preaching, prayer, and the sacraments, reflecting a blend of Methodist liturgical practices and congregational participation.
Sacraments:The CMC recognizes two sacraments—baptism and the Lord’s Supper (Communion)—as means of grace and central elements of worship.
Holiness and Evangelism:The CMC emphasizes personal holiness and the importance of evangelism, encouraging members to lead lives that reflect their faith and to actively share the gospel.
Sunday School:The denomination places a strong emphasis on Christian education, with Sunday School programs playing a central role in the spiritual formation of both children and adults.

5.6 Global Presence

Expansion:The CMC primarily has a presence in the United States, particularly in the Southern states, but it also engages in mission work and has connections with congregations and ministries abroad.
Mission Work:The CMC is involved in various mission efforts, including church planting, evangelism, education, and social services, both domestically and internationally.

5.7 Contemporary Issues

5.7.1 Cultural Relevance and Adaptation

Engaging Younger Generations: Finding ways to attract and retain younger members in an increasingly secular society.
Worship Style: Balancing tradition worship practices with contemporary styles to appeal to a diverse congregation.

5.7.2 Social and Ethical Issues

LGBTQ+: Navigating the church’s stance on LGBTQ+ issues, including marriage and ordination
Gender Equality: Addressing gender roles within the church, including the ordination of women and their leadership roles.

5.7.3 Theological Unity and Diversity

Doctrinal Consistency: Maintaining a consistent theological position while allowing for diverse interpretations within the church.
Ecumenism: Engaging in dialogue and partnerships with other Christian denominations while preserving the church’s distinct identity.

5.7.4 Leadership and Governance

Clergy Training and Support: Ensuring clergy receive adequate training and support, including mental health resources and continuing education.
Lay Leadership: Encouraging and developing effective lay leadership within the congregations.

5.7.5 Membership and Attendance

Declining Membership: Addressing the decline in church membership and attendance in many regions.
Community Engagement: Increasing the church’s visibility and impact in local communities through outreach and service.

5.7.6 Technology and Digital Presence.

Improving the church’s response to the demand for online worship and digital ministry as well as the demand for online visibility.

5.7.7 Global Reach

Expanding and supporting global missions efforts and church planting.

5.8 Educational Institutions

The CMC does not have any of its own educational institutions.

6.0 THE WESLEYAN CHURCH

6.1 Churches and Members

Churches: 1,731
Members: 231,339
Clergy: 3,400

6.2 Origins

The Wesleyan Church was officially formed in 1968 through the merger of the Wesleyan Methodist Church and the Pilgrim Holiness Church. Both denominations had their origins in the 19th century, emerging from the broader Methodist movement. The Wesleyan Methodist Church was founded in 1843 in Utica, New York, primarily due to disagreements with the Methodist Episcopal Church over issues such as slavery, church governance, and the doctrine of sanctification. The Pilgrim Holiness Church, established in the early 20th century, had similar theological emphases and a strong focus on personal holiness and revivalism.

6.3 Core Beliefs

Wesleyan-Arminian Theology:The Wesleyan Church adheres to Wesleyan-Arminian theology, emphasizing free will, the possibility of falling from grace, and the necessity of personal repentance and faith for salvation.
Sanctification:A key doctrine is entire sanctification, which teaches that believers can achieve a state of holiness and perfect love through the work of the Holy Spirit.
Scriptural Authority:The Wesleyan Church holds the Bible as the inspired and authoritative Word of God, guiding all aspects of faith and practice.
Social Justice:The denomination has a strong historical and contemporary commitment to social justice, advocating for issues such as racial equality, gender equality, and the abolition of human trafficking.

6.4 Governance

Connectional Polity:The Wesleyan Church operates under a connectional polity, meaning that local congregations are interconnected and accountable to regional and general church structures.
General Conference:The General Conference, which meets every four years, is the highest legislative body. It sets policies, elects leaders, and addresses doctrinal and practical issues for the denomination.
District Conferences:The church is divided into districts, each overseen by a district superintendent and governed by a district conference. These conferences support local churches and coordinate regional ministry efforts.
Board of General Superintendents:This board provides global leadership and strategic direction for the denomination, ensuring that its mission and vision are effectively implemented.

6.5 Worship and Practices

Worship Services:Worship in the Wesleyan Church typically includes a blend of traditional and contemporary elements, such as hymns, praise songs, preaching, prayer, and the sacraments.
Sacraments:The church recognizes two sacraments—baptism and the Lord’s Supper (Communion)—as means of grace and central practices in the life of believers.
Discipleship and Holiness:The Wesleyan Church emphasizes the importance of discipleship and living a holy life. Members are encouraged to grow in their faith and live out their commitment to Christ through personal piety and ethical behavior.

6.6 Global Presence

International Reach:The Wesleyan Church has a significant global presence, with congregations and mission efforts in over 90 countries. The denomination is organized into various world regions, each with its own leadership and administrative structures.
Mission Work:The church is actively involved in global missions, focusing on evangelism, church planting, education, healthcare, and disaster relief.

6.7 Contemporary Issues

Community Engagement:The church encourages active engagement in local communities, promoting initiatives that support social justice, community development, and holistic well-being.
Inclusivity:The Wesleyan Church strives to be inclusive and relevant, addressing contemporary social issues and engaging effectively with diverse cultures and contexts.
Intergenerational Ministry:The denomination places importance on ministries that serve all age groups, including children, youth, and senior adults, fostering an inclusive and supportive church environment.

6.8 Educational Institutions

Houghton University
Indiana Wesleyan University
Kingswood University
Oklahoma Wesleyan University
Southern Wesleyan University
Wesley Seminary